Second Seminole War, 1835-1842

Having ratified the Adams-Onà ­s Treaty in 1821, the United States officially purchased Florida from Spain. Taking control, American officials concluded the Treaty of Moultrie Creek two years later which established a large reservation in central Florida for the Seminoles. By 1827, the majority of the Seminoles had moved to the reservation and Fort King (Ocala) was constructed nearby under the guidance of Colonel Duncan L. Clinch. Though the next five years were largely peaceful, some began to call for the Seminoles to be relocated west of the Mississippi River. This was partially driven by issues revolving around the Seminoles providing sanctuary for escaped slaves, a group that became known as the Black Seminoles. In addition, the Seminoles were increasingly leaving the reservation as hunting on their lands was poor. Seeds of Conflict In an effort to eliminate the Seminole problem, Washington passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 which called for their relocation west. Meeting at Paynes Landing, FL in 1832, officials discussed relocation with the leading Seminole chiefs. Coming to an agreement, the Treaty of Paynes Landing stated that the Seminoles would move if a council of chiefs agreed that the lands in the west were suitable. Touring the lands near the Creek Reservation, the council agreed and signed a document stating that the lands were acceptable. Returning to Florida, they quickly renounced their previous statement and claimed they had been forced to sign the document. Despite this, the treaty was ratified by the US Senate and the Seminoles were given three years complete their move. The Seminoles Attack In October 1834, the Seminole chiefs informed the agent at Fort King, Wiley Thompson, that they had no intention of moving. While Thompson began receiving reports that the Seminoles were gathering weapons, Clinch alerted Washington that force may be required to compel the Seminoles to relocate. After further discussions in 1835, some of the Seminole chiefs agreed to move, however the most powerful refused. With the situation deteriorating, Thompson cut off the sale of weapons to the Seminoles. As the year progressed, minor attacks began occurring around Florida. As these began to intensify, the territory began preparing for war. In December, in an effort to reinforce Fort King, the US Army directed Major Francis Dade to take two companies north from Fort Brooke (Tampa). As they marched, they were shadowed by the Seminoles. On December 28, the Seminoles attacked, killing all but two of Dades 110 men. That same day, a party led by the warrior Osceola ambushed and killed Thompson. Gaines Response In response, Clinch moved south and fought an inconclusive battle with the Seminoles on December 31 near their base in the Cove of the Withlacoochee River. As the war quickly escalated, Major General Winfield Scott was charged with eliminating the Seminole threat. His first action was to direct Brigadier General Edmund P. Gaines to attack with a force of around 1,100 regulars and volunteers. Arriving at Fort Brooke from New Orleans, Gaines troops began moving towards Fort King. Along the way, they buried the bodies of Dades command. Arriving at Fort King, they found it short on supplies. After conferring with Clinch, who was based at Fort Drane to the north, Gaines elected to return to Fort Brooke via the Cove of the Withlacoochee River. Moving along the river in February, he engaged the Seminoles in mid-February. Unable to advance and knowing there were no supplies at Fort King, he elected to fortify his position. Hemmed in, Gaines was rescued in early March by Clinchs men who had c ome down from Fort Drane (Map). Scott in the Field With Gaines failure, Scott elected to take command of operations in person. A hero of the War of 1812, he planned a large-scale campaign against the Cove which called for 5,000 men in three columns to strike the area in concert. Though all three columns were supposed to be in place on March 25, delays ensued and they were not ready until March 30. Traveling with a column led by Clinch, Scott entered the Cove but found that the Seminole villages had been abandoned. Short on supplies, Scott withdrew to Fort Brooke. As the spring progressed, Seminole attacks and the incidence of disease increased compelling the US Army to withdraw from key posts such as Forts King and Drane. Seeking to turn the tide, Governor Richard K. Call took the field with a force of volunteers in September. While an initial campaign up the Withlacoochee failed, a second in November saw him engage the Seminoles in the Battle of Wahoo Swamp. Unable to advance during the fighting, Call fell back to Volusia, FL. Jesup in Command On December 9, 1836, Major General Thomas Jesup relieved Call. Victorious in the Creek War of 1836, Jesup sought to grind down the Seminoles and his forces ultimately increased to around 9,000 men. Working in conjunction with the US Navy and Marine Corps, Jesup began to turn American fortunes. On January 26, 1837, American forces won a victory at Hatchee-Lustee. Shortly thereafter, the Seminole chiefs approached Jesup regarding a truce. Meeting in March, an agreement was reached which would allow the Seminoles to move west with their negroes, [and] their bona fide property. As the Seminoles came into camps, they were accosted by slave catchers and debt collectors. With relations again worsening, two Seminole leaders, Osceola and Sam Jones, arrived and led away around 700 Seminoles. Angered by this, Jesup resumed operations and began sending raiding parties into Seminole territory. In the course of these, his men captured the leaders King Philip and Uchee Billy. In an effort to conclude the issue, Jesup began resorting to trickery to capture Seminole leaders. In October, he arrested King Philips son, Coacoochee, after forcing his father to write a letter requesting a meeting. That same month, Jesup arranged for a meeting with Osceola and Coa Hadjo. Though the two Seminole leaders arrived under a flag of truce, they were quickly taken prisoner. While Osceola would die of malaria three months later, Coacoochee escaped from captivity. Later that fall, Jesup used a delegation of Cherokees to draw out additional Seminole leaders so that they could be arrested. At the same time, Jesup worked to build a large military force. Divided into three columns, he sought to force the remaining Seminoles south. One of these columns, led by Colonel Zachary Taylor encountered a strong Seminole force, led by Alligator, on Christmas Day. Attacking, Taylor won a bloody victory at the Battle of Lake Okeechobee. As Jesups forces united and continued their campaign, a combined Army-Navy force fought a bitter battle at Jupiter Inlet on January 12, 1838. Forced to fall back, their retreat was covered by Lieutenant Joseph E. Johnston. Twelve days later, Jesups army won victory nearby at the Battle of Loxahatchee. The following month, leading Seminole chiefs approached Jesup and offered to stop fighting if given a reservation in southern Florida. While Jesup favored this approach, it was declined by the War Department and he was ordered to continue fighting. As a large number of Seminoles had gathered around his camp, he informed them of Washingtons decision and quickly detained them. Tired of the conflict, Jesup asked to be relieved and was replaced by Taylor, who was promoted to brigadier general, in May. Taylor Takes Charge Operating with reduced forces, Taylor sought to protect northern Florida so that settlers could return to their homes. In an effort to secure the region, the constructed a series of small forts connected by roads. While these protected American settlers, Taylor used larger formations to seek out the remaining Seminoles. This approach was largely successful and fighting quieted during the latter part of 1838. In an effort to conclude the war, President Martin Van Buren dispatched Major General Alexander Macomb to make peace. After a slow start, negotiations finally produced a peace treaty on May 19, 1839 which allowed for a reservation in southern Florida. The peace held for a little over two months and ended when Seminoles attacked Colonel William Harneys command at a trading post along the Caloosahatchee River on July 23. In the wake of this incident, attacks and ambushes of American troops and settlers resumed. In May 1840, Taylor was granted a transfer and replaced with Brigadier General Walker K. Armistead. Increasing the Pressure Taking the offensive, Armistead campaigned in the summer despite the weather and threat of disease. Striking at Seminole crops and settlements, he sought to deprive them of supplies and sustenance. Turning over the defense of northern Florida to the militia, Armistead continued to pressure the Seminoles. Despite a Seminole raid on Indian Key in August, American forces continued the offensive and Harney conducted a successful attack into the Everglades in December. In addition to military activity, Armistead used a system of bribes and inducements to convince various Seminole leaders to take their bands west. Turning over operations to Colonel William J. Worth in May 1841, Armistead left Florida. Continuing Armisteads system of raids during that summer, Worth cleared the Cove of the Withlacoochee and much of northern Florida. Capturing Coacoochee on June 4, he used the Seminole leader to bring in those who were resisting. This proved partially successful. In November, US troops attacked into the Big Cypress Swamp and burned several villages. With fighting winding down in early 1842, Worth recommended leaving the remaining Seminoles in place if they would remain on an informal reservation in southern Florida. In August, Worth met with the Seminole leaders and offered final inducements to relocate. Believing that the last Seminoles would either move or shift to the reservation, Worth declared the war to be over on August 14, 1842. Taking leave, he turned command over to Colonel Josiah Vose. A short time later, attacks on settlers resumed and Vose was ordered to attack the bands that were still off the reservation. Concerned that such action would have a negative effect on those complying, he requested permission not to attack. This was granted, though when Worth returned in November he ordered key Seminole leaders, such as Otiarche and Tiger Tail, brought in and secured. Remaining in Florida, Worth reported in early 1843 that the situation was largely peaceful and that only 300 Seminoles, all on the reservation, remained in the territory. Aftermath During operations in Florida, the US Army suffered 1,466 killed with the majority dying of disease. Seminole losses are not known with any degree of certainty. The Second Seminole War proved to be the longest and costliest conflict with a Native American group fought by the United States. In the course of the fighting, numerous officers gained valuable experience which would serve them well in the Mexican-American War and the Civil War. Though Florida remained peaceful, authorities in the territory pressed for the full removal of the Seminoles. This pressure increased through the 1850s and ultimately led to the Third Seminole War (1855-1858).

Chapter 2 The Constitution - 1418 Words

Marina Schlosser AP GOV PO Mrs. Markussen September 18th 2015 Chapter 2: The Constitution 1) â€Å"A list for domination is more or less natural to all parties. Men will seek power because they are ambitious, greedy, and easily corrupted† (as said by John Adams). The liberties at which were fought to protect were about the higher law and the natural rights given by God. Therefore the essential rights to life, liberty, and the property (though property would be changed to the pursuit of happiness). 2) Each state retained its sovereignty and independence regardless of size had one vote in congress and the delegates who cast were picked and paid for by the state legislatures. There was no national judicial system to settle these issues and claims†¦show more content†¦Franklin was there as an advisor, as he was one of the most influential minds in the country. The Framers were suspicious of democracy because they weren’t if it would surpass the popular vote to gain liberty. The problem for the framers was to create a strong government to preserve order while preserving liberty. 6) The Virginia Plan was the proposal to create a strong national government and which had a bicameral legislature. The New Jersey Plan was a proposal to create a weak national government and had a unicameral legislature. The Great Compromise was a plan to have a house elected based on state population and a state selected Senate with new members for each state. 7) Some of the people wanted the Supreme Court to be chosen by the Senate, while others wanted the president to pick the Supreme Court. The compromise was instead that the president would pick the court and the Senate would confirm or deny it. 8) A pure democracy is where the people rule directly whereas the Republic was a government in which elected representatives make the decisions. The compromise was that people voted for the representatives, state legislators chose the senate members, and the electors chose president. 9) Judicial Review is the power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional. 10) The two major principles of American representative democracy are separation of powers and federalism. Separation of powers is how the responsibilities of the

Operation and Supply Chain Management

Question: Discuss about the Operation and Supply Chain Management. Answer: Introduction The Emaar Mall group in Dubai is the largest shopping and entertainment destination. It recognizes that inefficiency in the supply chain because of a growing burden on the manufacturing and the distribution process of the organization. The distribution process of the organization is one of the integral operational processes in the organization. The distribution process in the supply chain is facing unprecedented changes has been causing challenges for the organization. A proper organization featuring that centralizes the hub ensures successful distribution and supply chain management (Aslam, Azam and Jun 2013). This is obtained with the support of the satellite chain distributor. The study highlights on the distribution process of the organization which is the main concern of the company due to its ineffectiveness. In order to understand the loopholes of the organization, the As-Is process is discussed along with the quantitative assessment of the productivity. Furthermore, recommendations are made to increase the efficiency of the distribution process and the overall supply chain. Operational process The distribution process of the Emaar Mall group involves the delivering of the goods and services of the organization to the customers effectively. In the distribution process, it is important for the managers understand the way in which the organization needs to deliver the products and the services to the customers to be successful. However, Christopher (2016) mentioned that the different products of the organization need different distribution methods of operations. The various activities considered by the Emaar Mall group in the distribution process are direct sales, indirect sales or retailing, wholesaling and multi-level marketing. In order to attract more customers and gain a competitive advantage, the organization uses the combination of all the activities within the organization (Magrill 2013). The organization follows the indirect sales in the distribution that includes the selling of the goods and services from the third party. The company has partnered or affiliate rather than the personnel of the company. The retailing process of Emaar Malls includes selling consumer goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit. The workflow of the retailing operational process includes purchasing duties for the specific outlets, handling the inventory duties, maintaining proper customer service as it holds the entire workflow together and analyzing the report of the individual retail outlets. As-Is process The As-Is is an effective technique that helps to transform the vision of the organization into strategic outcomes. The process describes the current state of the organizational process, culture and the capabilities (Chen 2014). The As-Is business process includes all the sections in the business, the list of roles and steps and the exceptions of the organization. The process capability compares the output of the distribution process to the specified limits (Mallen 2013). The company aims to supply 1000 units of supply per month to the market of UAE. The distribution process further includes different activities which are divided into inbound and outbound activities. The time cycle for each activity per month is as follows: Inbound activities Time taken Material planning and control 5 days Purchasing 3 days Receiving 2 days Physical management 3 days Material handling 2 days Outbound activities Order processing 3 days Warehousing and storage 2 days Finished goods management 4 days Material handling and packaging 3 days Shipping 3 days Transportation 3 days Quantitative assessment of productivity level as per input and output The quantitative assessment of the productivity level as per the input and output of the company is as follows: Input 100000 in units Process-storage 5000 in units Output 95000 in units Number of units sold 60000 in units Closing stock 35000 in units Quantitative assessment of productivity level as per appraising the level of efficiency The value-added effectiveness helps the organization to increase the productivity level to the certain extent. The value added effectiveness in the supply chain of the organization refers to the increase in the productivity of the distribution channel, better knowledge about the market, better packaging, and material handling through employee training. Thus, it can be inferred that three units increase in the efficiency level will help the organization to achieve 1 unit of additional productivity. Analyzing the root cause problem using economic transformation The major issues that the organization faces in the distribution process of the supply chain are the collaboration with the channel partners. As opined by Stadtler (2015), the managers are responsible for choosing the appropriate partners, training and developing the partners, monitor their performance against the target audience or market to analyze the profits earned. However, the managers of the Emaar Mall group are incapable of carrying out these activities effectively and therefore disturb the overall process. The problem further occurs in the organization as the channel partner has inadequate information about the product and the market (Tayur, Ganeshan and Magazine 2012). It has been observed that the channel partners of the company offer poor service to the customers such as incorrect billing or delays in dealing with customer reviews, late deliveries, and customer satisfaction. Thus, the reputation of the organization is affected to a large extent. Process improvement In order to increase the efficiency and remain sustainable in the market, it is important for an Emaar Mall group to adopt effective strategies into the organization. It is important for the company to determine the supplier's process capabilities. This can be effectively carried out by identifying the innovation partners. Furthermore, the supply and the distribution base for the company need to be segmented. Monczka et al. (2015) mentioned that establishing supply chain metrics are important as they allow timely insights that support in reacting effectively to the opportunities present in the market. The information needs to be managed rather than managing the information management department of the organization. Integrating the sales, operation and the financing of the Emaar Mall group helps to improve the distribution process of the supply chain. Conclusion The overall supply chain is a combination of some operational activities that together help the organization reach the goods to the customers. Thus, an issue with any one of the activities affects the overall supply chain of the organization. The Emaar Mall group understands that the distribution process of the organization does not suit the modern needs of the market and thus has been hampering the customer satisfaction level and profitability. The As-Is process has been used to understand the current loopholes of the organization. The strategies such as determining the supplier's process capabilities, segmenting the supplier base, establishing supply chain metrics helps the organization to improve their distribution process and thereby the overall supply chain of Emaar Mall group. References Aslam, M., Azam, M. and Jun, C.H., 2013. Multiple dependent state sampling plan based on process capability index.Journal of Testing and Evaluation,41(2), pp.1-7. Chen, H.L., 2014. The Application of Statistical Process Control in the Simulation Experiment of Distribution Process Capability Analysis.International Journal of Information Processing and Management,5(4), p.106. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Magrill, L., 2013. The development of an analogous channel model.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Mallen, B., 2013. Selecting channels of distribution: a multi?stage process.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Monczka, R.M., Handfield, R.B., Giunipero, L.C. and Patterson, J.L., 2015.Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Stadtler, H., 2015. Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Tayur, S., Ganeshan, R. and Magazine, M. eds., 2012.Quantitative models for supply chain management(Vol. 17). Springer Science Business Media.

To Kill a Mockingbird

The phrase ‘to kill a mocking bird’ stands out as a metaphor in the book To kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Atticus laments that â€Å"Remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† (Lee, 1988, p. 87). Mocking birds symbolizes innocent people like Boo and Radley in the novel. Despite the innocence of the mocking birds, which only sings to people, some evils such as Boo’s abusive father harm them. The likening of the innocence to songbirds comes out clearly, when Boo appears not to contemplate to harm Jem.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the fire, he covers scout with blanket and consequently secures kids from Bob. Such acts depicts Boo’s cleanness of heart which proves not to hypocritical as he puts it into action just like mockingbirds sing out their hearts. The idea of using the metaphor is to inculcate the mora ls in people to see them find out a need to safeguard the venerable species: analogous to songbirds, which are ever prone to damage by children and people at large. The mother adds, â€Å"Mockingbirds don’t do one thing but make music for us to enjoy . but sing their hearts out for us. That’s why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† (Lee, 1988, p.197). The author achieves an imperative moral sense as Atticus makes a decision to consider Tom’s case. On the other hand, Jem aims to protect Roly-poly. Lee uses a number of symbols and motifs to deliver the intended message in the novel. A symbol like mockingbird permits the author to portray abstract ideas vividly. Ideally, mocking bird, as a symbol takes the place of innocence. Thus damaging mocking birds, in contemporary language would be tantamount to destroying innocence. Several characters such as Boo, Jem, Radley, and Tom Robinson among others stand out as mockingbirds, which suffer destruction when they encounter the evil. Mr. Underwood relates Tom Robinson’s shooting to a â€Å"†¦senseless slaughter of song birds† (Lee, 1988, p.237). Further, in the novel, scout attributes attempts to hurt Boo Radley to â€Å"‘shooting’ a mockingbird† (Lee, 1988, p.250). Fragile innocence of children in particular seems endangered by the world of racists who treat it harshly. On the other hand, Lee’s choice of motif allows informing and development of the novels major themes. The motifs employed included: mad dog incident, or the items Boo Radley leaves for the children in the tree. The deployment of motifs serves to provide gothic details in the text. This way, Lee is capable to bring up the spirit of drama in the novel. The incorporation of elements such as the fire, which damaged Miss Maudie’s house, the mad dog shot by Atticus, superstitions of the children concerning Boo Radley among others help to create tension in the narration of th e events surrounding the novel.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Scout learns life lessons on the significance of the moral subscription not to hurt the innocent. The innocent are always vulnerable and have no mechanism to self protect from abuse. Atticus bears a gothic name ‘finch’, which is a typical small harmless bird. By revolving issues around him, Lee is able to explore and create avenues for making recommendations on how right society should live. Atticus finch stands out as morally upright character whose ideologies amounts to heroism making all other characters subscribe to his way of doing things. Upon reading To Kill a Mockingbird, the reader hardly leaves without a different sense of life. Lessons on coexistence of evil and good in the society and the importance of moral education as bridge to emergence of socially upright society are worth noting. Through an entertaining tone, literature is able to educate the society in various indulgencies, which by scaly scrutiny may seem right. ‘To kill a mockingbird’ also serves to solve even the modern world’s prevailing challenges such social inequalities and inhumane acts toward innocent citizens for instance corruption which can be compared to an act of killing a mockingbird. Reference Lee, H. (1988).To Kill a Mockingbird. New York, NY: Popular Library. This essay on To Kill a Mockingbird was written and submitted by user Darwin Rivas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. To Kill a Mockingbird

Spitzer Says Greenberg Cheated Charity of $6 Billion Essay Example

Spitzer Says Greenberg Cheated Charity of $6 Billion Essay Example Spitzer Says Greenberg Cheated Charity of $6 Billion Essay Spitzer Says Greenberg Cheated Charity of $6 Billion Essay Dec. 14 (Bloomberg) New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer said Maurice Hank Greenberg and other former American International Group Inc. executives exploited their authority 35 years ago, costing a charity set up by AIGs founder $6 billion.In a letter alerting the charity today, Spitzer said Greenberg, ousted as AIGs chief executive officer amid an accounting probe by Spitzer earlier this year, shortchanged the Starr Foundation when he was an executor of AIG founder Cornelius Vander Starrs estate in 1969 and 1970. Greenberg and the other former executors called the allegations outrageous and indicative of a pattern of abuse by the attorney general.Spitzer, who said he found incriminating evidence in documents Greenberg tried to keep secret during the accounting investigation, may be stepping up pressure as the 80-year-old seeks to rebuild his legacy as leader of the worlds largest insurer for almost 40 years. New York-based AIG has restated $3.9 billion of earnings and pledged to cooperate with regulators. Greenberg has said the corrections were driven by fear.The case against AIG has been personalized because the company has rolled over and Hank hasnt, said Phillip Phan, a finance professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N.Y., who wrote Taking Back the Boardroom. Hank is a direct challenge to his attempt to clean up the industry.Spitzers letter, accompanied by a 26-page report on his investigation of the matter, said Greenberg and the other executors cheated the foundation by selling Vander Starrs assets at below-market prices to two private companies that they controlled. C.V. Starr ; Co. and Starr International Co., which still exist today, shared offices and executives with AIG, and in fact all the executors of Starrs were C.V. Starr directors.`Public Stink BombWere charitable assets of the foundation, as the residual beneficiary of the estate lost in a series of transactions orchestrated by the very fiduciaries obligated to protect the est ates interests? Spitzer wrote to Starr Foundation President Florence A. Davis, who used to be AIGs top lawyer.Greenberg and the other former executors called the latest allegations Spitzers attempt to justify his decision to pressure AIGs board, under threat of criminal indictment, to remove Greenberg as chairman and CEO. Spitzer, who accused AIG and Greenberg of fraud in a civil suit in May, announced he wouldnt pursue criminal charges against Greenberg last month.The attorney generals case against Hank Greenberg was disgraceful from the start, said billionaire Ken Langone, a co- defendant in Spitzers lawsuit against former New York Stock Exchange Chairman Richard Grasso. It now seems apparent that Mr. Spitzer is trying to shore up his sorry case and his flagging political reputation by lobbing what amounts to a public stink bomb.Court ApprovalGreenberg, Houghton Freeman, John Roberts and Ernest Stempel are the only executors still living today, according to C.V. Starr spokesman Ho ward Opinsky. Today they cited 25-year-old approvals from a former New York attorney general and the New York Surrogates Court inGreenberg, Houghton Freeman, John Roberts and Ernest Stempel are the only executors still living today, according to C.V. Starr spokesman Howard Opinsky. Today they cited 25-year-old approvals from a former New York attorney general and the New York Surrogates Court in defending the asset sales by Starrs estate. The executors had determined that they should get the approvals precisely because of their multiple roles.The conduct and attitude of the attorney general in his pursuit of these allegations reflects a pattern of abuse and bad faith adopted toward Mr. Greenberg from the beginning of the investigation of AIG, they said in more than 35 pages of written response to Spitzers allegations.Spitzer urged the foundation to appoint an independent committee to evaluate remedies, though Greenberg, who now runs C.V. Starr and Starr International as investment c ompanies, is also chairman of the charity.Negative PublicityOpinsky said the Starr Foundation issued a statement today defending the transactions, though calls to Courtney OMalley, a vice president at the foundation, and the firms main number werent returned.While the Starr Foundation respects the authority of the Attorney General to supervise charitable foundations, and to investigate alleged improprieties, the Foundation is concerned that allegations concerning a judicial proceeding closed more than 25 years ago and the negative publicity attendant thereto may adversely affect the value of the assets of the Foundation, without discernable purpose, according to an emailed statement that Opinsky said the foundation provided.Spitzers report contends the foundation, which has $3.5 billion in assets, would have accrued another $6 billion over the past 35 years had it not been underpaid in three separate estate transactions following Starrs death in 1968. To make matters worse, C.V. Sta rr and Starr International sold the same assets to AIG at far higher prices shortly thereafter, Spitzer said.AIG SharesIn one transaction, for example, Spitzer said the executors knew the estates 48 percent stake in American International Underwriters Far East Inc. was worth far more than book value because one of them was the president of Far East.The estate got cash that would be worth $17.6 million today, he said. Instead, it should have received AIG stock that would be worth $1.2 billion today.Spitzer, who oversees nonprofits and charitable foundations, said the foundation may have claim to AIG stock held by Starr International. The firm, which distributed deferred compensation to AIG executives for decades, is in a legal battle with AIG to keep control of more than $19 billion of the companys shares. AIG spokesman Chris Winans declined to comment.Spitzer said Greenberg and his lawyers misrepresented the transactions to the former attorney general and to the court. There is no s tatute of limitations if the foundation chooses to try to recover the money, Spitzer spokesman Marc Violette said, declining to say what action the attorney general might take.The Starr Foundation makes charitable grants in education, medicine and public policy.(Article appeared in bloomberg.com on Dec. 14th, 2005)http://quote.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000006;sid=asSTBnA7L7gA;refer=home#Bloomberg Article AnalyisThis article, entitled Spitzer Says Greenberg Cheated Charity of $6 Billion (Update4) appeared on bloomberg.com on December 14, 2005.   In this article, it is discussed how New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer recently issued a letter to the Starr Foundation, a charity set up in conjunction with the American International Group, Inc.s (AIGs) founder Cornelius Vander Starrs estate, stating that Maurice Hank Greenberg and other former American International Group Inc. executives committed wrongful acts thirty-five years ago, resulting in a monetary loss to the charity in the amount of six   billion dollars.   Greenberg was AIGs former chief executive officer, and the executor of the estate, who was ousted from his CEO position amidst an accounting investigation.Namely, Spitzer alleges that these individuals sold shares of AIG stock owned by the charity in three separate transactions for far less than these stock shares were worth.   These shares were sold to C.V. Starr ; Co. and Starr International Co., who still exist today, share executives with AIG, and all of the directors of these companies were executors of Starrs estate.   These shares were sold by these corporations back to AIG at a much higher price shortly thereafter.As agents and fiduciaries of Starrs estate and the foundation, the executives had a duty to act in the best interest of them.   They also had a duty to reveal any conflicts of interest, and not to profit at the expense of the estate and foundation.  Ã‚   Furthermore, they were directors and officers of AIG, who made a profit for C.V. Starr ; Co. and Starr International Co. at the expense of AIG.   This was another conflict of interest at the expense of AIG shareholders.   As AIG insiders, the executors knew the actual value of the shares and chose to sell them at a lesser price to divert value from the charity to these other corporations.   Furthermore, the foundation may now have claim to some of the shares held by Starr International.   These executors are also agents and fiduciaries of Starr International, who may have ultimately harmed Starr Internationals well-being by their wrongful acts.

Not All Iron Is Magnetic (Magnetic Elements)

Not All Iron Is Magnetic (Magnetic Elements) Heres an element factoid for you: Not all iron is magnetic. The a allotrope is magnetic, yet when the temperature increases so that the a form changes to the b form, the magnetism disappears even though the lattice doesnt change. Key Takeaways: Not All Iron Is Magnetic Most people think of iron as a magnetic material. Iron is ferromagnetic (attracted to magnets), but only within a certain temperature range and other specific conditions.Iron is magnetic in its ÃŽ ± form. The ÃŽ ± form occurs below a special temperature called the Curie point, which is 770  Ã‚ °C. Iron is paramagnetic above this temperature and only weakly attracted to a magnetic field.Magnetic materials consist of atoms with partially-filled electron shells. So, most magnetic materials are metals. Other magnetic elements include nickel and cobalt.Nonmagnetic (diamagnetic) metals include copper, gold, and silver. Why Iron Is Magnetic (Sometimes) Ferromagnetism is the mechanism by which materials are attracted to magnets and form permanent magnets. The word actually means iron-magnetism because that is the most familiar example of the phenomenon and the one scientists first studied. Ferromagnetism is a quantum mechanical property of a material. It depends on its microstructure and crystalline state, which can be affected by temperature and composition. The quantum mechanical property is determined by the behavior of electrons. Specifically, a substance needs a magnetic dipole moment in order to be a magnet, which comes from atoms with partially-filled electron shells. Atoms will filled electron shells are not magnetic because they have a net dipole moment of zero. Iron and other transition metals have partially-filled electrons shells, so some of these elements and their compounds are magnetic. In atoms of magnetic elements nearly all of the dipoles align below a special temperature called the Curie point. For iron, the Curie point occurs at 770  Ã‚ °C. Below this temperature, iron is ferromagnetic (strongly attracted to a magnet), but above it the iron changes its crystalline structure and become paramagnetic (only weakly attacted to a magnet). Other Magnetic Elements Iron isnt the only element that displays magnetism. Nickel, cobalt, gadolinium, terbium, and dysprosium are also ferromagnetic. As with iron, the magnetic properties of these elements depends on their crystal structure and whether the metal is below its Curie point. ÃŽ ±-iron, cobalt, and nickel are ferromagnetic, while ÃŽ ³-iron, manganese, and chromium are antiferromagnetic. Lithium gas is magnetic when cooled below 1 kelvin. Under certain condition, manganese, the actinides (e.g., plutonium and neptunium), and ruthenium are ferromagnetic. While magnetism most often occurs in metals, it also occurs rarely in nonmetals. Liquid oxygen, for example, may be trapped between the poles of a magnet! Oxygen has unpaired electrons, allowing it to react to a magnet. Boron is another nonmetal that displays paramagnetic attraction greater than its diamagnetic repulsion. Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Steel Steel is an iron-based alloy. Most forms of steel, including stainless steel, are magnetic. There are two broad types of stainless steels which display different crystal lattice structures from one another. Ferritic stainless steels are iron-chromium alloys that are ferromagnetic at room temperature. While normally unmagnetized, ferritic steel become magnetized in the presence of a magnetic field and remain magnetized for some time after the magnet is removed. The metal atoms in ferritic stainless steel are arranged in a body-centered (bcc) lattic. Austenitic stainless steels tend to be nonmagnetic. These steels contain atoms arranged in a face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice. The most popular type of stainless steel, Type 304, contains iron, chromium, and nickel (each magnetic on its own). Yet, atoms in this alloy usually have the fcc lattice structure, resulting in a nonmagnetic alloy. Type 304 does become partly ferromagnetic if the steel is bent at room temperature. Metals That Arent Magnetic While some metals are magnetic, most are not. Key examples include copper, gold, silver, lead, aluminum, tin, titanium, zinc, and bismuth. These elements and their alloys are diamagnetic. Nonmagnetic alloys include brass and bronze. These metals weakly repel magnets, but not usually enough that the effect is noticeable. Carbon is a strongly diamagnetic nonmetal. In fact, some types of graphite repel magnets strongly enough to levitate a strong magnet. Source Devine, Thomas. Why dont magnets work on some stainless steels? Scientific American.

Data Analysis by SQL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Data Analysis by SQL - Essay Example Based on the results obtained, it is evident that the highest value customers in terms of the revenue are mainly from Europe, including, Denmark, Germany and France. The total revenue from US customers amounts to $ 56,029, whereas the revenue from France is $ 68,011. By identifying the products bought by the customers, their preferences can be identified. This will enable the firm to create a customer profile and make the appropriate products readily available in the proper locations. It will also be beneficial to identify the most preferred shipping service of the customers. From the database, it is evident that the United Package has been chosen for 326 times, the Federal Express was preferred for around 255 orders, whereas Speedy Express for 249 orders. Hence it is evident that the three shipping services are equally important. The orders are analysed based on the products, in order to identify the most preferred and the highest revenue generating products.The high revenue generating categories are also identified and the role of discounts in the orders are also analysed. From the analysis, the highly sold product has been found as Gorgonzoo Telino whereas the product generating the highest revenue is Cote de Blaye.However, when analysing the categories, it is found that the best selling categories in terms of revenue and number of products are Beverages, Dairy products and Confections. It is imperative to note that the least revenue generating revenues include Produce and Grains and Cereals.

Value of Outdoor Play in the Early Years Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Value of Outdoor Play in the Early Years - Essay Example ldren are spending a considerable amount of time in the settings that pay attention to the structured education as well as recreational activities and therefore leave very little time for the children to participate in the plays that are self-initiated. Outdoor play cultivates all the aspects of the development of the children and it develops a foundation of physical, social, emotional as well as intellectual skills that are needed for success in schools as well as in life. Play that is characterized by pretending encourages communication and therefore enhances skills that are needed in communication, role playing as well as perspective taking while developing the skills that are needed to solve problems which include persuading, compromising as well as cooperating (Mayesky, 2009, p. 128). Learning that takes place outside the classroom has the advantage of supporting the development of a lifestyle that can be perceived to be healthy since it gives children the chance to take part in physical activities which involve freedom and movement while encouraging a sense of wellbeing. It also allows them to have contact with the natural world while availing to them experiences, which are specific to the outdoors that may include exposure to the weather as well as different seasons. It also goes a long way in the development of skills that are needed for dealing with problems while developing a sense of creativity as well as opportunities that will enhance imag ination, ingenuity and

Leadership Styles Essay Example for Free

Leadership Styles Essay The leadership styles of the United States Presidents can make them effective or it can limit their effectiveness. The effectiveness of the President has direct effect on the American people. Presidents Dwight Eisenhower and John Kennedy were two leaders that had major influences in the mid-20th century. Both men played a key role in the United States involvement in Vietnam. The experiences, styles of leading, and characteristics of both President’s Dwight Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy intensified the level of involvement the United States had in the Vietnam experience. Even though the leadership styles may have differed, the two leaders refused to let communism spread (Moss, 2010). Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy’s leadership style although different had similar qualities. President Eisenhower and Kennedy could be considered to have the leadership styles of both the â€Å"Director† and â€Å"Navigator†. Thomas Preston has explained a Director style is a leader with â€Å"both extensive policy experience and a high need for power† (Preston, 2001). Directors have direct involvement in policy process by setting guidelines and advocating for their own personal views. The Navigator also has extensive expertise in policy but they also search for the opinions and viewpoints of other advisors. Navigators will gather the information and from the multiple different perspectives have a more deliberate decision making style. Without having a Navigator sense of style, the effectiveness of any leader can be limited because of a lack of information gathered and reviewed for decision. President Eisenhower proved his leadership style by the way he was involved in the political unrest in Vietnam. According to Preston, President Eisenhower â€Å"preferred formal, hierarchically organized advisory structure where information and advice could be centralized into a small inner circle of advisers† (Preston, 2001). However because of the President’s expertise in foreign policy he had a very active personal role in the policy process and delegated very little to other expert advisors. Eisenhower’s own preferences in policy lead to the policy decisions. President Eisenhower gave the command to intervene in southern Vietnam and replace the French (Moss, 2010). This was to maintain a non-Communist state thereby halting the potential spread of Communism. President Kennedy was interested in multiple perspectives on policy; he listened to different sources on conflicting views and planned for debates prior to decision making (Preston, 2001). Kennedy wanted political rest and peace in Vietnam but knew that without US involvement, the fighting and attacks on Vietnam would increase. Because of this, the United States became more heavily involved which meant more military forces and money being spent. Kennedy had made decisions to violate the provisions of the Geneva agreements of 1954, thereby increasing the U.S. military significantly in Vietnam. â€Å"Kennedy was not trying to win in Vietnam: he was doing only enough not to lose† (Moss, 2010). This sense of leadership by Kennedy was devised to protect the U.S. by only having a limited partnership with the Vietnam government. For President Kennedy, as a Director, he kept active involvemen t in policy process and needed assurance that his own thoughts and ideas would dominate the end result. However, as the Navigator, he trusted his advisory team and kept an open advisory system â€Å"characterized by a mixed formal-informal advice network† (Preston, 2001). With the dual leadership style the President called for the heavy military involvement in Vietnam in 1965 (Moss, 2010). By having expertise in foreign affairs and taking the advice of his advisors, President Kennedy made the important decision to become more involved in the war efforts. For the United States, the President’s leadership is very important. The President is the countries representation. It is both very prestigious and powerful to be voted in as President of the United States. The President has the ability to keep the United States from war, or send us to war. The President is in charge of the military, deciding where troops should be stationed and how weapons should be used. That is great power, and without the backing of the American people the President and his cabinet wouldn’t be as powerful as they are. The American people need to know that the President has their best interest in mind. In conclusion, regardless of who the President is, the need for leadership is of great importance. By having both the Director and Navigator style leadership, the role of the President can be effective. The expertise, the desire to have a powerful role but also having the willingness to view other opinions for decision making is essential to making a great leader. The role the President has to be one that is inspiring to the American people but also the American people need to trust their leader, without trust there would be weakness.

A classic example of socialism is John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath

A classic example of socialism is John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath The idea of socialism has transcended down in history; from the proletariat fighting for rights in France to Marxist revolutions and Leninists in Russia. Socialism is the helping of the laboring class; more so it is the uprising and asserting of power of the laboring class. A classic example of socialism is John Steinbeck's "The Grapes of Wrath". Many people thought this book was an attack on America, due to it's social views. "Grapes of Wrath" was not a book of attack or slander on America, rather it was more of an awakening or cry for change. Steinbeck seems to be the voice of the masses. Steinbeck wants to suggest, through character, settings and idea filled chapters, how socialist reforms would bring upon a dignified lifestyle for the disadvantages people from the mid-west. He calls for change and hopes for enlightenment through his novel, not to cast aspersions or criticize. During the 1930's, the era of Depression in America, many people were afraid of communist ideas that were present overseas. Many people felt that Steinbeck was supporting these ideas. If someone was a questioner, a thinker, or someone who went against the mold, like Steinbeck, they were called a "red". In other words, that person was considered a communist. Steinbeck, through his novel, brought the worst stories of America and showed them to the world. He did this in hope of spreading the idea of socialism. Steinbeck shows the spread of socialism through two main characters: Jim Casy and Tom Joad. He displays them as wanting, wanting a better life, wanting something more spiritually, wanting something more for "their folks". The only thing that seems to ... ...ds. Al gets to be a teenager, not a responsible driver. He can now look for girls and etc. But when the family leaves the camp, due to no work, the family falls apart. The normality. The socialism at the camp is what made most of them happy and kept them together. But Ma Joad knew better. She shows that socialism has to be widespread, it can't just be in one spot. It has to take over everything and be thought by everyone. When the normality ends, the requirement of socialism in society becomes important again. Through out the novel, Steinbeck tries to give us a clear picture of what is needed to stop all the suffering that was going on in our nation. Tom Joad, Jim Casy, the camp and a couple chapters teach the future readers that we can make a difference in people's lives. We have made a difference. Today socialism is alive and working well for America.

Future India

Below is a free essay on â€Å"India's Future† from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. About twenty-five years ago, our then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi had started to remind us that India is too early to reach Ikkisvi. We have twenty-first century. Where is the twenty-first century India, how, how is going to be, where to reach – it is a vivid theme. It will consider some aspects of it. Certainly in the new century is a lot of things were looking very bright.Than in the past twenty years or fifty years ahead of India is visible. Such revolutions are many. The computer revolution is under way. Mobile revolution is – now the poor man's pocket to get a cell phone. A? tomobail revolution is under way. There was a time when the scooter had to find the number, he'd get to Blake. There were only two models of cars – Ambassador and Fiat. Now go to the showroom, favorite Mothers  of Dal Motrsaikl or bring the car up. Ever-  Mothersare coming to market is dull. See the cars on the street cars.Forlen roads – is being Sikslen. Highway, Expressway talks to the smooth air vehicles on the roads. â€Å"Forlen the word the child – Bchchee is up to the tongue. There is a similar revolution in education. First Engineering, Medical, B. Ed. College used to be counted. Today – a city of ten – ten college and those seats are empty. Initiatives were selected convent school, now England Medium School Street – the street, the neighborhood is exposed. Our national income, six, seven, eight per cent growth rate is increasing.In 2007-08 came the blow of the recession in the world, he could not impress us much. In the meantime we have to make atomic bombs. We are dreaming of becoming a world superpower. United Nations Security Council non-permanent members have become, to become a permanent member of the hand – are scrambling. Obamaji to be grateful for, the dream tha t we are expected to be completed. Ckacand darkness behind But the glitter seems a hollow. Ckacand behind the middle of a dark – comes across the remains. As such, a few days before the Global Hunger Index (Global†¦

The Avengers: Disney’s Recipe for a Blockbuster Success

The Avengers â€Å"There was an idea called the avengers initiative, the idea was to bring together a group of remarkable people, see if they could become something more, see if they could work together when we needed them to. To fight the battles that we never could. † and â€Å"Until such time as the world ends, we will act as if it intends to spin on. † â€Å"The tesseract has awakened† bringing forth the forefront for the action/superhero genre in the form of Disney’s The Avengers written and directed by Joss Whedon.With planning years in the making, The Avengers needed a star-studded line-up and it far exceeded expectations with selections. Samuel L Jackson as Nick Fury, the leader of Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division, better known as S. H. I. E. L. D. recruits the powerful, well known actors ;amp; comic book characters both on screen and off screen in Captain America (Chris Evans), Thor (Chris Hemsworth), Bruce Banne r/The Incredible Hulk (Mark Ruffalo), Black Widow (Scarlett Johansson), and the â€Å"volatile, self-obsessed, doesn’t play well with others† Tony Stark/Ironman (Robert Downey Jr).Throw in Gwyneth Paltrow, Cobie Smulders, Jeremy Renner and Tom Hiddlestone and all you will need is a plot, script and some visuals to be guaranteed a success. Having a meticulously developed script disables viewers from allowing attention to drift away for even a moment in fear of missing one of the witty one-liners or references to a greater idea The Avengers empowers. â€Å"An ant has no corral with a boot. †Not to mention, the plot will disable washroom breaks as you will be immersed in the super heroic battles constantly taking place from the first minute to the last, you will forget you ever had to go to begin with. If still teetering to give The Avengers a go a budget of $220 million, mostly spent on visuals such as costumes, sound and special effects should be enough to aesthe tically please the eyes enough into going.From pin-point accuracy in detail in costumes, to loud booming, breathtaking explosives during battle sequences, The Avengers could easily be the best thing your eyes have ever seen. No matter who you are or what Earth you are from, I would bet my bottom dollar that you cannot watch The Avengers and walk away unsatisfied. With a star studded cast, a meticulous script and plot, and jaw-dropping visuals Disney has created a recipe for blockbuster success certain to burn out many DVD players in households worldwide.

Languages of Spain Other Than Spanish

Languages of Spain Other Than Spanish If you think that Spanish or Castilian is the language of Spain, youre only partly right. True, Spanish is the national language and the only language you can use if you want to be understood almost everywhere. But Spain also has three other officially recognized languages, and language use continues to be a hot political issue in parts of the country. In fact, about a fourth of the countrys residents use a tongue other than Spanish as their first language. Here is a brief look at them: Euskara (Basque) Euskara is easily the most unusual language of Spain - and an unusual language for Europe as well, since it doesnt fit in the Indo-European family of languages that includes Spanish as well as French, English and the other Romance and Germanic languages. Euskara is the language spoken by the Basque people, an ethnic group in Spain and France that has its own identity as well as separatist sentiments on both sides of the Franco-Spanish border. (Euskara has no legal recognition in France, where far fewer people speak it.) About 600,000 speak Euskara, sometimes known as Basque, as a first language. What makes Euskara linguistically interesting is that it has not been shown conclusively to be related to any other language. Some of its characteristics include three classes of quantity (single, plural and indefinite), numerous declinations, positional nouns, regular spelling, a relative lack of irregular verbs, no gender, and pluri-personal verbs (verbs that vary according to the sex of the person being spoken to). The fact that Euskara is an ergative language (a linguistic term involving cases of nouns and their relations to verbs) has caused some linguists to think that Euskara may have come from the Caucasus region, although the relationship with languages of that area hasnt been demonstrated. In any case, it is likely that Euskara, or least the language it developed from, has been in the area for thousands of years, and at one time it was spoken in a much larger region. The most common English word that comes from Euskara is silhouette, the French spelling of a Basque surname. The rare English word bilbo, a type of sword, is the Euskara word for Bilbao, a city on the western edge of Basque Country. And chaparral came to English by way of Spanish, which modified the Euskara word txapar, a thicket. The most common Spanish word that came from Euskara is izquierda, left. Euskara uses the Roman alphabet, including most letters that other European languages use, and the à ±. Most of the letters are pronounced roughly like they would be in Spanish. Catalan Catalan is spoken not only in Spain, but also in parts of Andorra (where it is the national language), France, and Sardinia in Italy. Barcelona is the largest city where Catalan is spoken. In written form, Catalan looks something like a cross between Spanish and French, although it is a major language in its own right and  may be more similar to Italian than it is to Spanish. Its alphabet is similar to that of English, although it also includes a Ç. Vowels can take both grave and acute accents (as in and , respectively). Conjugation is similar to Spanishs. About 4 million people use Catalan as a first language, with about that many also speaking it as a second language. The role of the the Catalan language has been a key issue in the Catalonian independence movement. In a series of plebiscites, Catalonians have generally supported independence from Spain, although in many cases opponents of independence boycotted the elections and the Spanish government has contested the legality of the votes. Galician Galician has strong similarities to Portuguese, especially in vocabulary and syntax. It developed along with Portuguese until the 14th century, when a split developed, largely for political reasons. For the native Galician speaker, Portuguese is about 85 percent intelligible. About 4 million people speak Galician, 3 million of them in Spain, the rest in Portugal with a few communities in Latin America. Miscellaneous Languages Scattered throughout Spain are a variety of smaller ethnic groups with their own languages, most of them Latin derivatives. Among them are Aragonese, Asturian, Calà ³, Valencian (usually considered a dialect of Catalan), Extremaduran, Gascon, and Occitan. Sample Vocabularies Euskara: kaixo (hello), eskerrik asko (thank you), bai (yes), ez (no), etxe (house), esnea (milk), bat (one), jatetxea (restaurant). Catalan: sà ­ (yes), si us plau (please), quà ¨ tal? (how are you?), cantar (to sing), cotxe (car), lhome (the man), llengua or llengo (language), mitjanit (midnight). Galician: polo (chicken), dà ­a (day), ovo (egg), amar (love), si (yes), nom (no), ola (hello), amigo/amiga (friend), cuarto de baà ±o or baà ±o (bathroom), comida (food).

Ask these questions when negotiating a job offer

Ask these questions when negotiating a job offer If you’re on the job hunt and you’ve played your cards right, then perhaps you’ve found yourself in the following scenario: you’ve successfully made it through a series of interviews, waited patiently, been contacted by a hiring manager or HR representative, and been made a job offer. Often, this is absolutely fantastic news- the end result of a challenging job hunting process filled with ups and downs, excitement and disappointment. Now, after a long journey, you’re faced with an offer for what could be the next great opportunity along your career path. But hold on for a second- are you absolutely certain that this job offer is the right one for you?Most people fall into one of two camps when making a decision about a job offer. On one hand are the impulsive deciders, those who blindly and quickly latch on to the first available offer made to them. While it can be good to show that you’re eager and enthusiastic, there are some very good reas ons for deciding to slow things down a bit and take some time to weigh a job offer before accepting it. After all, accepting an offer that may not completely align with your best interests may actually set your career trajectory back, and it may be difficult to make up any lost ground- either in salary or job title. Furthermore, if you do quickly take an offer that you come to regret later, you may be sowing the seeds for a passive-aggressive workplace attitude down the road.On the other hand are the overthinkers- those who spend way too much time and effort weighing and overweighing every small detail of the offer in an attempt to reach a clear and decisive decision about whether or not to accept. These folks can count on a few restless days and sleepless nights as they struggle to reach some decision. And in the end, the exhaustion and worry that these people generate make it hard for them to feel good about whatever decision they reach. That’s not a good recipe for happine ss either.There is a middle ground between making an impulsive decision and overthinking a job offer, and for most folks it’s right where they should be when trying to decide about whether to accept a job offer. Thankfully, there are some strategies you can take advantage of to help you negotiate your next job offer. Envato recently published an article highlighting the key questions you should ask- either yourself or someone at the company- before accepting a job offer. Let’s take a closer look at some of these.Questions to ask yourselfWhat are my non-negotiables? When we’re looking for our next job opportunity, most of us have at least a vague, and possibly a concrete, sense of what we’re willing to be flexible about and what are deal breakers. This will vary by individual, based on one’s specific needs and goals. You should have a set of non-negotiables in mind when you’re on the job hunt to help you to determine if a job offer is right f or you or if some additional negotiation is required.Am I happy with the salary offer? This may seem like a no-brainer, but you’d be surprised by how many people, either out of desperation or overeagerness, quickly accept the first offer made to them, even if it’s below what they were hoping to make- and once this happens it can take a long time to make up any lost financial ground. The truth is, most offers are within a flexible salary range and there is often some room for additional negotiation, especially if they really want you on their team. Just remember not to be too aggressive here or you could wind up talking yourself out of an offer completely.Is the company reputable and stable? The last thing you want to have happen is to jump onto a sinking ship. Even if the offer is great, what good is it if the company implodes before you can really reap any benefits? Before you agree to accept an offer, do your homework and make sure that the company has a good reputat ion in its industry and seems stable for the foreseeable future. There are even websites available for you to learn about what other employees thought about the company while they were there. The more information you have at your disposal, the more informed your decision will be, which is always a good move.Can I see myself getting along with my future colleagues and bosses? This one’s a bit tougher, as you’ll never truly know the answer until you start working there, but do your best to use interviews and office visit to get a sense of what it might be like to work there. Does there seem to be a friendly and collaborative vibe with good energy, or does something less positive and productive seem to be in the air? If possible, engage with whoever you run across or are introduced to and see if they seem like the sort of people you’d click well with. For most folks, this matters a lot- and could be the difference between a quick unhappy job hop and a satisfying an d extended stay.Questions to ask an HR representative or hiring managerWhen do you need my decision? If you want to make the most of your time to weigh a job offer fully, it helps to know how much time you have to decide. Politely asking this question will help you know what timeframe you’re working with, and then you can go from there.What benefits are being offered? In addition to basic information such as salary- which is typically provided upon receiving an offer- knowing what else is included in the offer (i.e., vacation time, retirement savings, insurance coverage, gym membership, etc.) will help you to weigh the full offer and determine if any additional points need negotiating.What will my everyday responsibilities look like? Hopefully, you have a clear answer to this question after interviewing, but if you don’t its okay to ask for a little more detail before accepting an offer. Remember, accepting a new job is a major life commitment, so it stands to reason t hat you’ll want to know all the parameters of the deal so you can choose wisely, including what your average work day will be like- especially if some of these details are on your non-negotiable list.Consider asking these questions when you’re weighing your next job offer and before you accept- because once you do, you may be closing the door on any further negotiating. Choose wisely and good luck!

Pedagogy and Curriculum Primary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pedagogy and Curriculum Primary - Essay Example The study of mathematics is also of particular importance in the education curriculum as a whole. Mathematics offers learners with a chance to excel in other areas of interest in the curriculum. Since mathematics is wide and exciting, students of all ages, interests and capabilities. The study of mathematics enables the learner to develop skills of critical thought, analysis, problem solution, ingenuity and the capacity to think about theoretical concepts. Mathematics employs a system of numbers and symbols that permit for universal communication of ideas in a precise, explicit and accurate way. In order to be able to confront the challenges of a fast developing world, every person requires a thorough knowledge of mathematics (Donaldson, 2008). Mathematics provides learners with a myriad of skills which are necessary for work, living and education. A comprehension of the significance of mathematics in life is of utmost importance. This calls for the acknowledgement that Mathematics i s elemental throughout a person’s life and as such it should be treated as such. ... It is prerequisite for all teachers who are charged with the development of mathematical skills to familiarise themselves with the function of numeracy in mathematics and the methods that are used to develop numerical capacities in the wide variety of experiences for learners (The Scottish Government 2007). The experiences and outcomes in mathematics are segmented into three major sections; measure, number and money; movement, shape and position; and the analysis of information. The framework stresses the significance of mathematics at present and in future in the societal development and in its applicability in daily living. An elemental aspect of the mathematics framework involves developing algebraic thinking in young learners. This is informed by studies which conclude that an early introduction to algebraic thinking makes learners be more attuned to mathematical understanding and also results to learner confidence in tackling mathematical problems (The Scottish Government 2007). Experiences and outcomes will be invaluable in the practical aspects of teaching since they show how mathematics is used in real life situations such as gambling and probability. These experiences and outcomes will enable learners see the practicality of attaining mathematical skills for life decisions. Aspects of Effectual Teaching and Learning in the Mathematics Framework From the start of young people starting to learn, it is important that teachers make learners have success in mathematics. This should be done through developing their self-confidence so that they are able to accept risks, query, and be creative enough to investigate different methods devoid of the apprehension of being incorrect. Learners who are not afraid of being wrong will be able to explore and will enjoy the

Constructing Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Constructing Report - Research Paper Example Thus, they must follow the rules set by the EU to access any electronically stored personal records. Therefore, for the US investigators to be able to get information of individuals they have to gain access to their private data and get their details. For example, they are competent of obtaining the individuals’ live data using the advanced forensic pitfalls such as the encryption, or even the malicious running of the data procedures and also the networked storage pools information. Thus, the investigators need to obtain this personal forensic information in incidences like the abduction of children, missing of individuals, exploitation of individuals, and the act of pedophiles. These cases normally require the investigators to act very quickly and in time so as to effectively solve them. Thus, those investigators who are dealing with cases of crimes, forensics, and the suspects cases require them to act quickly and obtain evidence very fast without delay (Bennet & Raab, 2007) . Identification of the applicable legal constraints involving the discovery of stored personally identifiable EU member information (also known as ESI) The abbreviation ESI stands for the electronically stored information of an individual. These are the information details of an individual that are stored in the computers and other electronics devices. For these procedures to be regarded as legal and acceptable by a state, they must therefore utilize a set of legal law and also standards (Bayuk, 2005). First, the investigator is chiefly appointed by the government body. The investigator must be able to identify and utilize a set of legal procedures which are applicable in the discovery of the stored personal records for any forensic investigations. Moreover, they have to ensure limited types of personal data are collected from the member states of the EU. For instance, the data that is capable of revealing an individual’s ethnic, or the race, also the political conviction un less the investigator collecting that information has the right to do so in the member country. Secondly, the investigator must guarantee accuracy of the forensic details collected. The investigator ought to ensure accuracy of forensic data and any inaccurate data must be deleted. This is to enable the availability of correct data and therefore the inaccurate forensic details must be removed or updated and rectified. Additionally, the investigator of the EU members must further ensure that the information collected from the individuals is kept securely and safely. Moreover, the data investigator must further make certain that they have implemented appropriate technical and also organizational measures so as to protect it against any forms of accidental loss, or even the alterations, or from any unauthorized disclosure or even access. There must be redress of the forensic data. This is an independent mechanism that ensures individuals have recourse if they want to and feel like their rights to their personal details has been interfered with or infringed. Eventually, the investigator must ensure that the individual has a right and access to the power to investigate claims of forensic data protection violations. They must also have a right to intervene

Business 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business 6 - Essay Example In this social orientation, people are more self-focused and tend to put their interest before those of a group. On the other hand, China practices collectivism. This is whereby the group’s interests come before individuals’ interests. Power orientation categorizes cultures into power respect and power tolerant societies. Power respect societies respect the chain of command and accept power based on position in an organization or in the society. Authority is not usually questioned. This orientation is common in China. Power tolerant societies question authority and do not necessarily buy what authority says as seen in the United States of America. The third category of Hostede’s classification is uncertainty orientation, which focuses on people’s feelings toward vague or uncertain situations. This categorizes cultures into uncertainty acceptance and uncertainty avoidance. The United States tends to lean more on uncertainty acceptance because her cultures are undisturbed by change. Chinese cultural set ups, on the other hand, tend to embrace uncertainty avoidance, which exhibits rigid systems based on rules (Ajami, Cool, Goddard, & Khambata, 2006). China and the United States are among the leading economies in the world. However, the socio-cultural aspects of the two economies greatly differ. Chinese cultures tend to avoid uncertainty, favor power distance and are usually adapted to long-term feminism and collectivism orientations (Smith, Dugan, & Trompenaars, 1996). On the other hand, Americans are more short-term-oriented and tend to favor individualism and masculinity. They are also not bothered by uncertainty and are more democratic (Fu & Yukl, 2000). In this regard, Americans and Chinese seem to differ in almost all aspects of their cultures. Culture has a major influence on business both at domestic and international levels. Cateora and Graham (1999) observed that

Current legislations, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people Essay Example for Free

Current legislations, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people Essay Identify the current legislations, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people including e-safety. Legislation covering child protection can be divided into two main categories : civil law and criminal law. The Children and Young Persons Act 1933 – This is an older piece of legislation of which some parts are still in forced today. It includes a list of offences against children, these are referred to as Schedule One offences. The Children Act 1989 –The current child protection system is based on the Children Act 1989. The introduction of this act was intended to be the most compressive and far reaching reform in child law in parliamentary history. The main aim of this law is to ensure that the welfare of a child is always considered as the most important factor when making any decisions about the upbringing of a child. The act also considers the thought and feelings of the child in a situation and bases decisions on whether the outcome would be better or worse for the child. It introduced the concept of parental responsibility. Two guidance documents are available to help professionals to identify children that may be at risks and the steps to take to help prevent this occurring. These documents are intended to be used with The Children Act 1989. The first is called, Guidance on interagency cooperation under the Children Act 1989, which was first published in 1991. The second which was published in 2000 was titled The Framework for the assessment of children in need and their families. Below are listed the variations of the policy throughout the UK. Safeguarding children: working together under the Children Act 2004 – This is the current guidance for Wales. The Children Order 1995 – Northern Ireland. The Children Act 1995 – Scotland. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 – This includes the right for a child to be protected from abuse, the right to express their views and have them listen to and the right to care and services for disabled children or children living away from home. The Human Rights Act 1998 – This protects the rights of all human beings, in the eyes of the law children are seen as human beings and therefore the Human Rights act covers their rights as well. The Education Act 2002 – This was introduced to ensure that a schools governing body and LEA make arrangements for the safeguarding and welfare of children. The Adoption and Children Act 2002 This expands on the Children Act 1989 by including domestic violence in the definition of harm. The Children Act 2004 – This new act didn’t replace or amend the Children Act 1989, instead it set out the process for integrating services to children. Further acts that followed the 2004 Children Act include – The Children and Adoption Act 2006, Children and Young Persons Act 2008, The Boarders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 and the Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009. Legislation to protect children from adults that pose a risk. The 1997 Sex Offenders Act – Requires sex offenders to have their names and addresses added to the sex offenders register. The Sexual Offences Act 2003 – This was introduced to update the legislation relating to offences against children. It included the offences of grooming, abuse of position of trust and trafficking. Further policies include – The Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003, The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 and the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005. E-Safety A School’s e-Safety Policy reflects the importance it places on the safe use of information systems and electronic communications. e-Safety encompasses not only Internet technologies but also electronic communications via mobile phones, games consoles and wireless technology. It highlights the need to educate children and young people about the benefits, risks and responsibilities of using information technology. * E-Safety concerns safeguarding children and young people in the digital world. * E-Safety emphasises learning to understand and use new technologies in a positive way. * E-Safety is less about restriction and more about education about the risks as well as the benefits so we can feel confident online. * E-Safety is concerned with supporting children and young people to develop safer online behaviours both in and out of school. The Internet is an unmanaged, open communications channel. The World Wide Web, email, blogs and social networks all transmit information using the Internet’s communication infrastructure internationally at low cost. Anyone can send messages, discuss ideas and publish material with little restriction. These features of the Internet make it an invaluable resource used by millions of people every day. Some of the material on the Internet is published for an adult audience and can include violent and adult content. Information on weapons, crime and racism may also be unsuitable for children and young people to access. Pupils need to develop critical skills to evaluate online material and learn that publishing personal information could compromise their security and that of others. Schools have a duty of care to enable pupils to use on-line systems safely. Schools need to protect themselves from legal challenge and ensure that staff work within the boundaries of professional behaviour. The law is catching up with Internet developments: for example it is an offence to store images showing child abuse and to use email, text or instant messaging (IM) to ‘groom’ children. Schools can help protect themselves by making it clear to pupils, staff and visitors that the use of school equipment for inappropriate reasons is â€Å"unauthorised† and ensure an Acceptable Use Policy is in place. E-Safety training is an essential element of staff induction and part of an on-going CPD programme. However, schools should be aware that a disclaimer is not sufficient to protect a school from a claim of personal injury and the school needs to ensure that all reasonable actions have been taken and measures put in place to protect users. Legally an educational institutions e-safety policy ties into multiple laws and legislation.

Essay --

What Is a â€Å"Real† Woman? Criticism of Existing Body Positive Advertising Thinner and thinner models are being used in combination with Photoshop, creating an impossible beauty ideal that is affecting the physical and emotional health of women in our society. The typical fashion model presented in advertisements has protruding hip bones and an androgynous body shape due to dangerously low body fat. They are slimmed and smoothed further in images by the use of Photoshop. The documentary MissRepresentation points out, â€Å"you never see a photograph in the media of a woman considered beautiful that hasn’t been digitally altered to make her absolutely inhumanely perfect†. Since the 1980’s, the quest to be thin has shifted from eliminating excess weight to eliminating bulges, or flesh that wiggles (â€Å"Slender Body† 191). It is no longer enough to be thin. The ideal body is also toned, bolted down, and maintains â€Å"firm bodily margins† (â€Å"Slender Body† 191). This nearly impossible beauty standard is reflected and enforced by advertisements showing emaciated models selling products to smooth out bumps, reduce wrinkles, or tone the body. The media’s depiction of female bodies has a detrimental influence on women’s perception of themselves and has come under fire in recent years. Girls growing up in our media soaked culture internalize society’s ever-thinning standard of beauty, believing that they can never be slender enough. The negative effect of the media has been linked to the spread of eating disorders (â€Å"Never Just Pictures†, Thompson). This has led to a public outcry against impossibly thin, airbrushed models and a demand for more honest advertising. The movement toward â€Å"body positive† advertising is a response to the damaging eff... ...ove, it still rejects older and disabled women as beautiful. It also renders women with imperfect skin or tattoos as unacceptable. Although Skinnygirl claims to show the average woman in their advertisement, they still only represent a limited demographic. Although presented as body positive, Dove, M&S and Skinnygirl’s advertising campaigns using â€Å"real women† still subscribe to existing beauty standards to maintain firm body margins and reject certain body types as beautiful. Even if well intentioned, advertising for beauty products is inherently not a good place to start the body positive movement because it relies on the consumer feeling like they need to improve themselves to buy the product. Instead of focusing on how to make â€Å"ordinary† women feel beautiful, the focus should shift away from the body. Women should not feel as if their beauty is their self worth.

Complicating Conditions of Pregnancy and Childbirth

Maternal stays with complications were about fifty percent more costly $4,100 for non-delivery stays and $3,900 for delivery stays) than delivery stays without complications ($2,600). delivery-related complications accounted for $17. 4 billion, or nearly 5 percent of total hospital costs in the United States. Among non-delivery maternal stays, the following conditions occurred at a rate of 100 or more for every 1,000 hospital stays: early or threatened labor, infections of the genitourinary tract, and hypertension, including eclampsia and pre-eclampsia.Among maternal stays with delivery, rate of 50 99 for every 1 ,OOO eliveries: umbilical cord complications, 1st and 2nd degree perineal lacerations, previous Csection, and abnormal fetal heart rate or rhythm. Patients 35 to 44 years accounted for 15 percent of maternal stays with complicating conditions (with or without delivery), but comprised only 1 percent of delivery stays without complicating conditions. Anne Elixhauser, Ph.D. and Lauren M. Wier, M. P. H. Introduction Complications during pregnancy can pose a serious risk to both maternal and infant health, and are associated with various adverse outcomes, including miscarriage, emorrhage, preterm labor, and low birth weight. An objective of the U. S. Department of Health & Human Services' Healthy People 2020 is to reduce maternal illness and complications related for labor and delivery.This Statistical Brief presents data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Nationwide Inpatient Sample (N'S) on pregnancy and childbirth hospitalizations with complicating conditions in 2008. All data are reported from the maternal perspective (i. e. , reflecting the experience of the mother, not the newborn). For the purpose of his Brief, †complicating conditions] include all ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes that are in the section entitled †Complications of 3 Pregnancy, Childbirth, and the Puerperium. This Brief presents information on hospital utiliza tion and patient characteristics for the following types of hospital stays for: complicated pregnancy during which no delivery occurred (†non-delivery with complicating conditions]), delivery with complicated pregnancy or delivery (†delivery with complicating conditions]), and delivery without any mention of complicated regnancy or delivery (†delivery without complicating conditions]). In addition, this report provides information on specific types of complicating conditions of pregnancy and delivery.

Organizational Behaviour Case Study

Hourly workers—people who are paid a set dollar amount for each hour they work—have long been the backbone of the U. S. economy. But times are changing, and with them so also is the lot of the hourly worker. As they can with most employment conditions, organizations are able to take a wider variety of approaches to managing compensation for hourly workers. And nowhere are these differences more apparent than in the contrasting conditions for hourly workers at General Motors and Wal-Mart. General Motors is an old, traditional industrial company that until recently was the nation’s largest employer. And for decades, its hourly workers have been protected by strong labor union like the United Auto Workers (UAW). These unions, in turn, have forged contracts and established working conditions that almost seem archaic in today’s economy. Consider, for example, the employment conditions of Tim Philbrick, a forty-two-year-old plant worker and union member at the firm’s Fairfax plant near Kansas City who has worked for GM for twenty-three years. Mr. Philbrick makes almost $20 an hour in base pay. With a little overtime, his annual earnings top $60,000. But even then, he is far from the highest-paid factory worker at GM. Skilled-trade workers like electricians and toolmakers make $2 to $2. 50 an hour more, and with greater overtime opportunities often make $100,000 or more per year. Mr. Philbrick also gets a no-deductible health insurance policy that allows him to see any doctor he wants. He gets four weeks of vacation per year, plus two week off at Christmas and at least another week off in July. Mr. Philbrick gets two paid twenty-three-minute breaks and a paid thirty-minute lunch break per day. He also has the option of retiring after thirty years with full benefits. GM estimates that, with benefits, its average worker makes more than $43 an hour. Perhaps not surprisingly, then, the firm is always looking for opportunities to reduce its workforce through attrition and cutbacks, with the goal of replacing production capacity with lower-cost labor abroad. The UAW, on the other hand, of course, is staunchly opposed to further workforce reductions and cutbacks. And long-standing work rules strictly dictate who gets overtime, who can be laid off and who can’t, and myriad other employment condition for Mr. Philbrick and his peers. But the situation at GM is quite different—in a lot of ways—from conditions at Wal-Mart. Along many different dimensions Wal-Mart is slowly but surely supplanting General Motors as the quintessential U. S. corporation. For example, it is growing rapidly, is becoming more and more ingrained in the American lifestyle, and now employs more people than GM did in its heyday. But the hourly worker at Wal-Mart has a much different experience than the hourly worker at GM. For example, consider Ms. Nancy Handley, a twenty-seven-year-old Wal-Mart employee who oversees the men department at a big store in St. Louis. Jobs like Ms. Handley’s pay between $9 and $11 an hour, or about $20,000 a year. About $100 a month is deducted from Ms. Handley’s paycheck to help cover the cost of benefits. Her health insurance has a $250 deductible; she then pays 20 percent of her health-care cots as long as she uses a set of approved physicians. During her typical workday, Ms. Handley gets tow fifteen-minute breaks and an hour for lunch, which are unpaid. Some feel that conditions are inadequate. Barbara Ehrenreich, author of Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America, worked at a Wal-Mart while researching her book and now says, â€Å"Why would anybody put up with the wages we were paid? † But Ms. Handley doesn’t feel mistreated by Wal-Mart. Far from it, she says she is appropriately compensated for what she does. She has received three merit raises in the last seven years and has ample job security. Moreover, if she decides to try for advancement, Wal-Mart seems to offer considerable potential, promoting thousands of hourly workers a year to the ranks of management. And Ms. Handley is clearly not unique in her views—Wal-Mart employees routinely reject any and all overtures from labor unions. In the twenty-first century, the gap between â€Å"Old Economy† and â€Å"New Economy† workers, between unionized manufacturing workers and nonunion or service workers, may be shrinking. Unions are losing their power in the auto industry, for example, as foreign-owned plants within the United States give makers such as Toyota and BMW, which are nonunion, a cost advantage over the Big Three U. S. automakers. U. S. irms are telling the UAW and other unions, â€Å"We’re becoming noncompetitive, and unless you organize the [foreign-owned firms], we’re going to have to modify the proposals we make you. † At the same time, Wal-Mart is facing lawsuits from employees who clam the retailer forced them to work unpaid overtime, among other charges. At Las Vegas store, the firm faces its first union election. In a world where Wa l-Mart employs three times as many workers as GM, it may be inevitable that the retailer’s labor will organize. On the other hand, will labor unions continue to lose their power to determine working conditions for America’s workforce? References: Joann Muller, â€Å"can The UAW Stay in the Game?† Business Week, June 10, 2002. HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www.businessweek.com† www.businessweek.com on June 3, 2002; Mark Gimein, â€Å"Sam Walton Made Us a Promise,† Fortune, March 18, 2002. HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www.fortune.com† www.fortune.com on June 3, 2002.

A Review of the Subculture Group Known as the Skinheads Essay Example

A Review of the Subculture Group Known as the Skinheads Essay Example A Review of the Subculture Group Known as the Skinheads Paper A Review of the Subculture Group Known as the Skinheads Paper A Review of the American Subculture Group Known as the Skinheads Vanessa R. Wood Walden University 2/18/2011 In the world there are many different, interesting and complex cultural groups. One of these groups is known as Skinheads. Although they have been known to be very closed minded and negative, they are still an interesting cultural group that should be understood better to fully grasp the reasons behind their behaviors and actions. The moved that I reviewed was American History X, which is a movie about one family that is deeply affected by the cultural aspects of the fascist movement (Kaye, 1998). Summary The movie is about Derek and Danny Vineyard and their involvement with a Skinhead group in Venice Beach California. Derek was a leader in the Skinheads group in Venice Beach under a very influential fascist man who taught him everything he knew. Derek began running with the group because his father was killed by a black gang member while at work with the fire station and he was filled with hate and sadness because of his dad’s death. Derek recruited other scared and hurt youth and encouraged them to rise up against minorities because Derek claimed they were ruining the country. He eventually catches a few black gang members breaking into his car and kills several of them before brutally curb stomping one of them, all which is done in front of his little brother Danny (Kaye, 1998). After the murders, he is sent away to jail where he tries to use the protection of the Skinheads in prison but finds out that the leader of the Skinheads in prison deals directly with minorities to sell drugs. Derek begins to disassociate with the Skinhead group and plays basketball with other races and begins to get along with others. As revenge, the Skinhead group rapes Derek and leaves him unconscious in the showers. He speaks with Dr. Sweeney, a teacher and outreach worker who he asks for help from. He gives him literature and advice and Derek begins to change his outlook on life. Lamont, a black man that Derek becomes friends with advises him that he is going to be beaten by the other gangs. Derek waits for a fight, but nothing ever happens and he eventually gets paroled. When he gets out he finds that his little brother Danny is going down the same path he once was. Derek tells his little brother of his experience in jail and tells him that he was wrong and had everything wrong in his ways (Kaye, 1998). His little brother is touched by Derek’s story and begins taking down the fascist insignia all over his room and writes an essay about the experience his family went through and how perhaps Derek was right and that hate is wrong. As he is going to turn in his essay, his brother drops him off at school and Danny gets shot in the bathroom by a black boy that had earlier felt persecuted by Danny. In the end of the movie his essay flies through the air and it is finished with Danny saying a quote by Abraham Lincoln saying â€Å"we are not enemies, we are friends,† (Kaye, 1998). I think that what interests me about the Skinhead cultural group is that it really is a group powered by hate and anger, but it is so much more complex than it appears to an outside observer such as myself. I think that in order to really be able to help people become accepting of other cultures, we need to know why they act the way they do. I know that in many classes I’ve taken, I have been asked to define mental illness and define different diagnosis. I believe that a mental problem can be defined as a skewed version of reality or norms in a society which affects basic life. If that was the case, Skinheads could possibly be diagnosed with mental illnesses, but they are really just acting on the social and cultural group they were involved in. Psychological Processes This culture bases much of its energy on aggression and the expression of aggression to those outside of their in-group culture. The group itself is very collectivist and put everything they have up to help the group reach the top and dominate over those individuals they hate. They are fueled by hate and anger, and therefore react that way even towards the people they love. The group feels they need to prove their identity, their power, their sexuality and ability to control a situation which can all be done by the expression of anger (Arena, Arrigo, 2000). In other American cultural group people may not necessarily show the same reactions to situations even if they do want to prove themselves (Matsumoto, Juang, 2008). I have learned in personal experiences, that education is the best way to get the point across and facts speak louder than a thundering tone of voice. From the Skinhead point of view, Derek yelled, scared and threatened his family into fear (Kaye, 1998). Personally, I may have discussed my opinion with my family and tried to point out evidence of my point. We try to teach children from an early age that all men and woman are created equal despite the color of their skin, their religion, their race or any differences they may have from the overall population. If that is instilled into the youth of America, there should be no need for hatred and aggression between races because one should have no reason to hate the other. If young children learn that we are simply all people despite our differences, there may be fewer opportunities to allow our differences to separate us. When we turn the lights off in a room full of people from a southern small town and fumble around in the dark, several people may have a southern accent, but you cannot tell the difference between a homosexual, a African American or a Asian individual, because without visual stigmas, people are just people. Through aggression Skinheads promote a sense of power over those not within their intergroup, they create a sense of fear. In other American culture, aggression may be a reaction to something or possibly a learned behavior to a situation, but in Skinhead culture it is a projection to cause a reaction (Baron, 1997). It has been said that many Skinhead members become involved in the group because of the known violence that they will become involved with. Youth from broken, violent homes, and kids from very aggressive households are often drawn to what they have learned throughout their lives. The general population of Skinheads is known to live off the streets and thrive off of crime to survive (Baron, 1997). One way that the Skinhead cultural group justifies their behaviors towards others is on the basis of morality. They feel they are only doing the things they are supposed to do because it is morally right. The idea of Skinheads committing harmful acts upon others or raising their intergroup to the top is because it is a means of self-preservation, an act of bettering the lives of their families and friends, their race (Arena, Arrigo, 2000). Many feel that it is their own moral obligation to uphold society in the way the group projects is right. Their own cultural definition of morality might be something it is completely different from other individuals definitions of morality. In the movie American History X, Derek committed the crimes he did because he felt it was his job to protect his family from the evils of minorities and other groups that might come along and hurt his family. He was convinced that minorities were completely a deficit on society and that they were draining the country that hard working white Americans had built. Although there are some African American’s that are jobless, gang members, there are also plenty of jobless gang members who are white that would also come in and hurt his family. From the outside perspective looking in, much average American’s might view the whole perspective and see both sides of the situation, but Derek did not because he felt it was his moral duty. The definition of morality is also cultural; the Skinheads have their own definition just as other different cultural groups may have different definitions from my own. The Skinheads interpret many of their morals from sections of the Bible, although it may not be direct quotes, as other cultural and religious groups may do, they interpret their own meaning. America thrives off of opinion and freedom of speech, which is exactly what the Skinhead group has done. Although they have interpreted information to come up with morals outside of others way of thinking, they just believe what they are doing is right. Any average American would say they have their own morals and values they live by, the same statement may be said of a Skinhead. A third psychological process that may be present in an observation of the cultural aspects of the Skinhead group would be that of communication techniques. Skinhead communicate in similar ways to average Americans, they have body language styles and verbal terminologies just like all other cultures. They also have symbols and signs that have deep seeded abilities to communicate to others who they are that may also communicate danger to outside groups (Young, Craig, 1997). When speaking about individuals they dislike or feel are living outside of their set of constraints, they refer to them in derogatory or belittling manner. They have different derogatory terms for every race that is outside their own, they also have belittling terms for those within their group who are friendly or accepting to other groups. They communicate with harsh and forceful terminology to create that sense of fear that is apparent in many of the psychological processes. The symbols and signs that are in their homes, on their bodies, painted on their houses, project the same sense of fear and aggression (Baron, 1997). The communication they give to those within their intergroup is always a sense of family and brotherly love, but still full of masculinity, aggression and dominance. To those who are outside the Skinhead group, the still produce a sense of masculinity, aggression and dominance, but they communicate a feeling of hatred and fear. In the suburban average American culture, there is more of a free flowing less aggressive sense of communication (Gardiner Kosmitzki, 2011). Signs and symbols still have an effect as a communication technique in our cultural group, but there is not the sense of fear that a Skinhead sign or symbol may reveal (Young, Craig, 1997). The average American isn’t overly hostile to individuals they come across on the street, and normally don’t try to put off aggressive body language, or any offensive posture of any kind, but the Skinhead culture makes it their goal to promote dominance and power (Baron, 1997). There is still civilized conversation between Skinhead members, and much of the time falsified or skewed information is given to younger members to encourage them to band together and become part of the group (Baron, 1997). Although many other American subcultures may falsify information or skew situation, there is an overall slander of most people who are not Skinhead intergroup member (Gardiner Kosmitzki, 2011). Finally, one of the most evident psychological processes is that of emotion within the Skinhead culture. The Skinhead culture is very careful about whom they express emotion too, at least emotion that appears to give off weakness (Christensen, 1994). A Skinhead member may show joy, happiness, excitement and obviously anger, but when they show emotions like love, sadness and fear there is a possibility for them to be looked upon as vulnerable so they might try at all costs to keep those emotions at bay. The ideals behind hiding emotions of weakness revert back to dominance and power. Another reason for their lack of certain types of emotion stems from feelings of vulnerability at a young age (Blee, 1996). Many Skinheads start within the group at a young age, being taken advantage of, beaten, and emotionally abused and much more, which leaves them very susceptible to the world and weak (Christensen, 1994). From the initial feeling of weakness and hopelessness, they become guarded and focus on acceptable social norms of the Skinhead culture such as only showing certain types of emotion. Most American’s show whatever emotions they feel like, we are a loud boisterous culture, similar to the Skinhead culture (Matsumoto, Juang. 008). The difference between the two cultures, however, is that some American’s will sit and cry on the street, whereas a Skinhead would not. Culture influences the psychological processes of the Skinhead culture in a very large way. The observe communication techniques, aggressive behaviors and displays of emotion directly from other members of the group and because they are taught that their culture is dominant over all others, the act as other membe rs act within their Skinhead intergroup. Just as American’s live by social norms, cultural norms and learned behaviors, so do the members of the Skinheads group. References Arena, M. P. , Arrigo, B. A. (2000). White supremacist behavior: Toward an integrated social psychological model. Deviant Behavior, 21(3), 213-244. Baron, S. W. (1997). Canadian male street skinheads: street gang or street terrorists? Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 34(2), 125-154. Blee, K. M. ( 1996). Becoming a racist : Women in contemporary Ku Klux Klan and Neo-Nazi groups. Gender Society, 10(6), 680-702. Christensen, L. (1994). Skinhead Street Gangs. Boulder, CO : Paladin Press. Garniner, H. W. , Kosmitzki, C. (2011). Lives across cultures: cross-cultural human development (5th ed. ). Boston, Ma: Pearson Education. Kaye, T. (Director). (1998). American History X [Theater]. Matsumoto, D. , Juang, L. (2008). Culture and Psychology (4th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education. Young, K. and Craig, L. (1997). Beyond white pride: Identity, meaning and contradiction in the Canadian Skinhead subculture. The Canadian Review, 34(2), 175–206.