Second Seminole War, 1835-1842

Having ratified the Adams-Onà ­s Treaty in 1821, the United States officially purchased Florida from Spain. Taking control, American officials concluded the Treaty of Moultrie Creek two years later which established a large reservation in central Florida for the Seminoles. By 1827, the majority of the Seminoles had moved to the reservation and Fort King (Ocala) was constructed nearby under the guidance of Colonel Duncan L. Clinch. Though the next five years were largely peaceful, some began to call for the Seminoles to be relocated west of the Mississippi River. This was partially driven by issues revolving around the Seminoles providing sanctuary for escaped slaves, a group that became known as the Black Seminoles. In addition, the Seminoles were increasingly leaving the reservation as hunting on their lands was poor. Seeds of Conflict In an effort to eliminate the Seminole problem, Washington passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 which called for their relocation west. Meeting at Paynes Landing, FL in 1832, officials discussed relocation with the leading Seminole chiefs. Coming to an agreement, the Treaty of Paynes Landing stated that the Seminoles would move if a council of chiefs agreed that the lands in the west were suitable. Touring the lands near the Creek Reservation, the council agreed and signed a document stating that the lands were acceptable. Returning to Florida, they quickly renounced their previous statement and claimed they had been forced to sign the document. Despite this, the treaty was ratified by the US Senate and the Seminoles were given three years complete their move. The Seminoles Attack In October 1834, the Seminole chiefs informed the agent at Fort King, Wiley Thompson, that they had no intention of moving. While Thompson began receiving reports that the Seminoles were gathering weapons, Clinch alerted Washington that force may be required to compel the Seminoles to relocate. After further discussions in 1835, some of the Seminole chiefs agreed to move, however the most powerful refused. With the situation deteriorating, Thompson cut off the sale of weapons to the Seminoles. As the year progressed, minor attacks began occurring around Florida. As these began to intensify, the territory began preparing for war. In December, in an effort to reinforce Fort King, the US Army directed Major Francis Dade to take two companies north from Fort Brooke (Tampa). As they marched, they were shadowed by the Seminoles. On December 28, the Seminoles attacked, killing all but two of Dades 110 men. That same day, a party led by the warrior Osceola ambushed and killed Thompson. Gaines Response In response, Clinch moved south and fought an inconclusive battle with the Seminoles on December 31 near their base in the Cove of the Withlacoochee River. As the war quickly escalated, Major General Winfield Scott was charged with eliminating the Seminole threat. His first action was to direct Brigadier General Edmund P. Gaines to attack with a force of around 1,100 regulars and volunteers. Arriving at Fort Brooke from New Orleans, Gaines troops began moving towards Fort King. Along the way, they buried the bodies of Dades command. Arriving at Fort King, they found it short on supplies. After conferring with Clinch, who was based at Fort Drane to the north, Gaines elected to return to Fort Brooke via the Cove of the Withlacoochee River. Moving along the river in February, he engaged the Seminoles in mid-February. Unable to advance and knowing there were no supplies at Fort King, he elected to fortify his position. Hemmed in, Gaines was rescued in early March by Clinchs men who had c ome down from Fort Drane (Map). Scott in the Field With Gaines failure, Scott elected to take command of operations in person. A hero of the War of 1812, he planned a large-scale campaign against the Cove which called for 5,000 men in three columns to strike the area in concert. Though all three columns were supposed to be in place on March 25, delays ensued and they were not ready until March 30. Traveling with a column led by Clinch, Scott entered the Cove but found that the Seminole villages had been abandoned. Short on supplies, Scott withdrew to Fort Brooke. As the spring progressed, Seminole attacks and the incidence of disease increased compelling the US Army to withdraw from key posts such as Forts King and Drane. Seeking to turn the tide, Governor Richard K. Call took the field with a force of volunteers in September. While an initial campaign up the Withlacoochee failed, a second in November saw him engage the Seminoles in the Battle of Wahoo Swamp. Unable to advance during the fighting, Call fell back to Volusia, FL. Jesup in Command On December 9, 1836, Major General Thomas Jesup relieved Call. Victorious in the Creek War of 1836, Jesup sought to grind down the Seminoles and his forces ultimately increased to around 9,000 men. Working in conjunction with the US Navy and Marine Corps, Jesup began to turn American fortunes. On January 26, 1837, American forces won a victory at Hatchee-Lustee. Shortly thereafter, the Seminole chiefs approached Jesup regarding a truce. Meeting in March, an agreement was reached which would allow the Seminoles to move west with their negroes, [and] their bona fide property. As the Seminoles came into camps, they were accosted by slave catchers and debt collectors. With relations again worsening, two Seminole leaders, Osceola and Sam Jones, arrived and led away around 700 Seminoles. Angered by this, Jesup resumed operations and began sending raiding parties into Seminole territory. In the course of these, his men captured the leaders King Philip and Uchee Billy. In an effort to conclude the issue, Jesup began resorting to trickery to capture Seminole leaders. In October, he arrested King Philips son, Coacoochee, after forcing his father to write a letter requesting a meeting. That same month, Jesup arranged for a meeting with Osceola and Coa Hadjo. Though the two Seminole leaders arrived under a flag of truce, they were quickly taken prisoner. While Osceola would die of malaria three months later, Coacoochee escaped from captivity. Later that fall, Jesup used a delegation of Cherokees to draw out additional Seminole leaders so that they could be arrested. At the same time, Jesup worked to build a large military force. Divided into three columns, he sought to force the remaining Seminoles south. One of these columns, led by Colonel Zachary Taylor encountered a strong Seminole force, led by Alligator, on Christmas Day. Attacking, Taylor won a bloody victory at the Battle of Lake Okeechobee. As Jesups forces united and continued their campaign, a combined Army-Navy force fought a bitter battle at Jupiter Inlet on January 12, 1838. Forced to fall back, their retreat was covered by Lieutenant Joseph E. Johnston. Twelve days later, Jesups army won victory nearby at the Battle of Loxahatchee. The following month, leading Seminole chiefs approached Jesup and offered to stop fighting if given a reservation in southern Florida. While Jesup favored this approach, it was declined by the War Department and he was ordered to continue fighting. As a large number of Seminoles had gathered around his camp, he informed them of Washingtons decision and quickly detained them. Tired of the conflict, Jesup asked to be relieved and was replaced by Taylor, who was promoted to brigadier general, in May. Taylor Takes Charge Operating with reduced forces, Taylor sought to protect northern Florida so that settlers could return to their homes. In an effort to secure the region, the constructed a series of small forts connected by roads. While these protected American settlers, Taylor used larger formations to seek out the remaining Seminoles. This approach was largely successful and fighting quieted during the latter part of 1838. In an effort to conclude the war, President Martin Van Buren dispatched Major General Alexander Macomb to make peace. After a slow start, negotiations finally produced a peace treaty on May 19, 1839 which allowed for a reservation in southern Florida. The peace held for a little over two months and ended when Seminoles attacked Colonel William Harneys command at a trading post along the Caloosahatchee River on July 23. In the wake of this incident, attacks and ambushes of American troops and settlers resumed. In May 1840, Taylor was granted a transfer and replaced with Brigadier General Walker K. Armistead. Increasing the Pressure Taking the offensive, Armistead campaigned in the summer despite the weather and threat of disease. Striking at Seminole crops and settlements, he sought to deprive them of supplies and sustenance. Turning over the defense of northern Florida to the militia, Armistead continued to pressure the Seminoles. Despite a Seminole raid on Indian Key in August, American forces continued the offensive and Harney conducted a successful attack into the Everglades in December. In addition to military activity, Armistead used a system of bribes and inducements to convince various Seminole leaders to take their bands west. Turning over operations to Colonel William J. Worth in May 1841, Armistead left Florida. Continuing Armisteads system of raids during that summer, Worth cleared the Cove of the Withlacoochee and much of northern Florida. Capturing Coacoochee on June 4, he used the Seminole leader to bring in those who were resisting. This proved partially successful. In November, US troops attacked into the Big Cypress Swamp and burned several villages. With fighting winding down in early 1842, Worth recommended leaving the remaining Seminoles in place if they would remain on an informal reservation in southern Florida. In August, Worth met with the Seminole leaders and offered final inducements to relocate. Believing that the last Seminoles would either move or shift to the reservation, Worth declared the war to be over on August 14, 1842. Taking leave, he turned command over to Colonel Josiah Vose. A short time later, attacks on settlers resumed and Vose was ordered to attack the bands that were still off the reservation. Concerned that such action would have a negative effect on those complying, he requested permission not to attack. This was granted, though when Worth returned in November he ordered key Seminole leaders, such as Otiarche and Tiger Tail, brought in and secured. Remaining in Florida, Worth reported in early 1843 that the situation was largely peaceful and that only 300 Seminoles, all on the reservation, remained in the territory. Aftermath During operations in Florida, the US Army suffered 1,466 killed with the majority dying of disease. Seminole losses are not known with any degree of certainty. The Second Seminole War proved to be the longest and costliest conflict with a Native American group fought by the United States. In the course of the fighting, numerous officers gained valuable experience which would serve them well in the Mexican-American War and the Civil War. Though Florida remained peaceful, authorities in the territory pressed for the full removal of the Seminoles. This pressure increased through the 1850s and ultimately led to the Third Seminole War (1855-1858).

Chapter 2 The Constitution - 1418 Words

Marina Schlosser AP GOV PO Mrs. Markussen September 18th 2015 Chapter 2: The Constitution 1) â€Å"A list for domination is more or less natural to all parties. Men will seek power because they are ambitious, greedy, and easily corrupted† (as said by John Adams). The liberties at which were fought to protect were about the higher law and the natural rights given by God. Therefore the essential rights to life, liberty, and the property (though property would be changed to the pursuit of happiness). 2) Each state retained its sovereignty and independence regardless of size had one vote in congress and the delegates who cast were picked and paid for by the state legislatures. There was no national judicial system to settle these issues and claims†¦show more content†¦Franklin was there as an advisor, as he was one of the most influential minds in the country. The Framers were suspicious of democracy because they weren’t if it would surpass the popular vote to gain liberty. The problem for the framers was to create a strong government to preserve order while preserving liberty. 6) The Virginia Plan was the proposal to create a strong national government and which had a bicameral legislature. The New Jersey Plan was a proposal to create a weak national government and had a unicameral legislature. The Great Compromise was a plan to have a house elected based on state population and a state selected Senate with new members for each state. 7) Some of the people wanted the Supreme Court to be chosen by the Senate, while others wanted the president to pick the Supreme Court. The compromise was instead that the president would pick the court and the Senate would confirm or deny it. 8) A pure democracy is where the people rule directly whereas the Republic was a government in which elected representatives make the decisions. The compromise was that people voted for the representatives, state legislators chose the senate members, and the electors chose president. 9) Judicial Review is the power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional. 10) The two major principles of American representative democracy are separation of powers and federalism. Separation of powers is how the responsibilities of the

Operation and Supply Chain Management

Question: Discuss about the Operation and Supply Chain Management. Answer: Introduction The Emaar Mall group in Dubai is the largest shopping and entertainment destination. It recognizes that inefficiency in the supply chain because of a growing burden on the manufacturing and the distribution process of the organization. The distribution process of the organization is one of the integral operational processes in the organization. The distribution process in the supply chain is facing unprecedented changes has been causing challenges for the organization. A proper organization featuring that centralizes the hub ensures successful distribution and supply chain management (Aslam, Azam and Jun 2013). This is obtained with the support of the satellite chain distributor. The study highlights on the distribution process of the organization which is the main concern of the company due to its ineffectiveness. In order to understand the loopholes of the organization, the As-Is process is discussed along with the quantitative assessment of the productivity. Furthermore, recommendations are made to increase the efficiency of the distribution process and the overall supply chain. Operational process The distribution process of the Emaar Mall group involves the delivering of the goods and services of the organization to the customers effectively. In the distribution process, it is important for the managers understand the way in which the organization needs to deliver the products and the services to the customers to be successful. However, Christopher (2016) mentioned that the different products of the organization need different distribution methods of operations. The various activities considered by the Emaar Mall group in the distribution process are direct sales, indirect sales or retailing, wholesaling and multi-level marketing. In order to attract more customers and gain a competitive advantage, the organization uses the combination of all the activities within the organization (Magrill 2013). The organization follows the indirect sales in the distribution that includes the selling of the goods and services from the third party. The company has partnered or affiliate rather than the personnel of the company. The retailing process of Emaar Malls includes selling consumer goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit. The workflow of the retailing operational process includes purchasing duties for the specific outlets, handling the inventory duties, maintaining proper customer service as it holds the entire workflow together and analyzing the report of the individual retail outlets. As-Is process The As-Is is an effective technique that helps to transform the vision of the organization into strategic outcomes. The process describes the current state of the organizational process, culture and the capabilities (Chen 2014). The As-Is business process includes all the sections in the business, the list of roles and steps and the exceptions of the organization. The process capability compares the output of the distribution process to the specified limits (Mallen 2013). The company aims to supply 1000 units of supply per month to the market of UAE. The distribution process further includes different activities which are divided into inbound and outbound activities. The time cycle for each activity per month is as follows: Inbound activities Time taken Material planning and control 5 days Purchasing 3 days Receiving 2 days Physical management 3 days Material handling 2 days Outbound activities Order processing 3 days Warehousing and storage 2 days Finished goods management 4 days Material handling and packaging 3 days Shipping 3 days Transportation 3 days Quantitative assessment of productivity level as per input and output The quantitative assessment of the productivity level as per the input and output of the company is as follows: Input 100000 in units Process-storage 5000 in units Output 95000 in units Number of units sold 60000 in units Closing stock 35000 in units Quantitative assessment of productivity level as per appraising the level of efficiency The value-added effectiveness helps the organization to increase the productivity level to the certain extent. The value added effectiveness in the supply chain of the organization refers to the increase in the productivity of the distribution channel, better knowledge about the market, better packaging, and material handling through employee training. Thus, it can be inferred that three units increase in the efficiency level will help the organization to achieve 1 unit of additional productivity. Analyzing the root cause problem using economic transformation The major issues that the organization faces in the distribution process of the supply chain are the collaboration with the channel partners. As opined by Stadtler (2015), the managers are responsible for choosing the appropriate partners, training and developing the partners, monitor their performance against the target audience or market to analyze the profits earned. However, the managers of the Emaar Mall group are incapable of carrying out these activities effectively and therefore disturb the overall process. The problem further occurs in the organization as the channel partner has inadequate information about the product and the market (Tayur, Ganeshan and Magazine 2012). It has been observed that the channel partners of the company offer poor service to the customers such as incorrect billing or delays in dealing with customer reviews, late deliveries, and customer satisfaction. Thus, the reputation of the organization is affected to a large extent. Process improvement In order to increase the efficiency and remain sustainable in the market, it is important for an Emaar Mall group to adopt effective strategies into the organization. It is important for the company to determine the supplier's process capabilities. This can be effectively carried out by identifying the innovation partners. Furthermore, the supply and the distribution base for the company need to be segmented. Monczka et al. (2015) mentioned that establishing supply chain metrics are important as they allow timely insights that support in reacting effectively to the opportunities present in the market. The information needs to be managed rather than managing the information management department of the organization. Integrating the sales, operation and the financing of the Emaar Mall group helps to improve the distribution process of the supply chain. Conclusion The overall supply chain is a combination of some operational activities that together help the organization reach the goods to the customers. Thus, an issue with any one of the activities affects the overall supply chain of the organization. The Emaar Mall group understands that the distribution process of the organization does not suit the modern needs of the market and thus has been hampering the customer satisfaction level and profitability. The As-Is process has been used to understand the current loopholes of the organization. The strategies such as determining the supplier's process capabilities, segmenting the supplier base, establishing supply chain metrics helps the organization to improve their distribution process and thereby the overall supply chain of Emaar Mall group. References Aslam, M., Azam, M. and Jun, C.H., 2013. Multiple dependent state sampling plan based on process capability index.Journal of Testing and Evaluation,41(2), pp.1-7. Chen, H.L., 2014. The Application of Statistical Process Control in the Simulation Experiment of Distribution Process Capability Analysis.International Journal of Information Processing and Management,5(4), p.106. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Magrill, L., 2013. The development of an analogous channel model.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Mallen, B., 2013. Selecting channels of distribution: a multi?stage process.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Monczka, R.M., Handfield, R.B., Giunipero, L.C. and Patterson, J.L., 2015.Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Stadtler, H., 2015. Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Tayur, S., Ganeshan, R. and Magazine, M. eds., 2012.Quantitative models for supply chain management(Vol. 17). Springer Science Business Media.

To Kill a Mockingbird

The phrase ‘to kill a mocking bird’ stands out as a metaphor in the book To kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Atticus laments that â€Å"Remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† (Lee, 1988, p. 87). Mocking birds symbolizes innocent people like Boo and Radley in the novel. Despite the innocence of the mocking birds, which only sings to people, some evils such as Boo’s abusive father harm them. The likening of the innocence to songbirds comes out clearly, when Boo appears not to contemplate to harm Jem.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the fire, he covers scout with blanket and consequently secures kids from Bob. Such acts depicts Boo’s cleanness of heart which proves not to hypocritical as he puts it into action just like mockingbirds sing out their hearts. The idea of using the metaphor is to inculcate the mora ls in people to see them find out a need to safeguard the venerable species: analogous to songbirds, which are ever prone to damage by children and people at large. The mother adds, â€Å"Mockingbirds don’t do one thing but make music for us to enjoy . but sing their hearts out for us. That’s why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† (Lee, 1988, p.197). The author achieves an imperative moral sense as Atticus makes a decision to consider Tom’s case. On the other hand, Jem aims to protect Roly-poly. Lee uses a number of symbols and motifs to deliver the intended message in the novel. A symbol like mockingbird permits the author to portray abstract ideas vividly. Ideally, mocking bird, as a symbol takes the place of innocence. Thus damaging mocking birds, in contemporary language would be tantamount to destroying innocence. Several characters such as Boo, Jem, Radley, and Tom Robinson among others stand out as mockingbirds, which suffer destruction when they encounter the evil. Mr. Underwood relates Tom Robinson’s shooting to a â€Å"†¦senseless slaughter of song birds† (Lee, 1988, p.237). Further, in the novel, scout attributes attempts to hurt Boo Radley to â€Å"‘shooting’ a mockingbird† (Lee, 1988, p.250). Fragile innocence of children in particular seems endangered by the world of racists who treat it harshly. On the other hand, Lee’s choice of motif allows informing and development of the novels major themes. The motifs employed included: mad dog incident, or the items Boo Radley leaves for the children in the tree. The deployment of motifs serves to provide gothic details in the text. This way, Lee is capable to bring up the spirit of drama in the novel. The incorporation of elements such as the fire, which damaged Miss Maudie’s house, the mad dog shot by Atticus, superstitions of the children concerning Boo Radley among others help to create tension in the narration of th e events surrounding the novel.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Scout learns life lessons on the significance of the moral subscription not to hurt the innocent. The innocent are always vulnerable and have no mechanism to self protect from abuse. Atticus bears a gothic name ‘finch’, which is a typical small harmless bird. By revolving issues around him, Lee is able to explore and create avenues for making recommendations on how right society should live. Atticus finch stands out as morally upright character whose ideologies amounts to heroism making all other characters subscribe to his way of doing things. Upon reading To Kill a Mockingbird, the reader hardly leaves without a different sense of life. Lessons on coexistence of evil and good in the society and the importance of moral education as bridge to emergence of socially upright society are worth noting. Through an entertaining tone, literature is able to educate the society in various indulgencies, which by scaly scrutiny may seem right. ‘To kill a mockingbird’ also serves to solve even the modern world’s prevailing challenges such social inequalities and inhumane acts toward innocent citizens for instance corruption which can be compared to an act of killing a mockingbird. Reference Lee, H. (1988).To Kill a Mockingbird. New York, NY: Popular Library. This essay on To Kill a Mockingbird was written and submitted by user Darwin Rivas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. To Kill a Mockingbird